Density Calculator

Compute density from mass and volume for various materials and substances. Includes specific gravity calculations and buoyancy applications for physics and chemistry.

Mass

Volume

About Density Calculator

Historical Background

The concept of density was first systematically studied by Archimedes (287-212 BCE) through his work on buoyancy. His famous "Eureka!" moment came when discovering that the volume of water displaced by an object equals the object's volume, leading to methods of measuring density. Modern understanding of density incorporates atomic theory and material science, explaining how atomic structure, electron configuration, and intermolecular forces determine a material's density.

Mathematical Foundation

ρ = m / V
ρrelative = ρsubstance / ρreference
ρ = ρ₀ / (1 + αΔT) [temperature dependence]

ρ = density (kg/m³) - The mass per unit volume of a substance
m = mass (kg) - The total amount of matter in an object
V = volume (m³) - The three-dimensional space occupied by the substance
α = thermal expansion coefficient - Measures how the size of an object changes with temperature
ΔT = temperature change - The difference between final and initial temperature in Kelvin or Celsius

Material Densities

Material Type	Density (kg/m³)	Notes
Air (at STP)	1.225	78% N₂, 21% O₂, 1% other gases
Water (20°C)	998	Maximum density at 4°C
Mercury	13,546	Only liquid metal at room temp
Gold	19,320	One of the densest precious metals

Physical Properties

Temperature Effects:

Thermal expansion - Most materials expand when heated
Phase transitions - Density changes during state changes
Density anomalies - Like water's maximum density at 4°C
Critical points - Where phases become indistinguishable

Pressure Effects:

Compression factors - Material response to pressure
Bulk modulus - Resistance to compression
Phase changes - Pressure-induced transitions
Fluid dynamics - Flow behavior and buoyancy

Applications

Industrial Uses:

Material separation - Mining and recycling
Quality control - Product consistency
Process monitoring - Chemical processing
Product formulation - Food and beverages

Scientific Applications:

Buoyancy calculations - Marine engineering
Fluid mechanics - Flow behavior studies
Materials research - New material development
Geological studies - Rock and mineral analysis

Special Cases

Water Anomalies:

Maximum density at 4°C - Unique property
Ice floats - Due to hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bonding effects
Biological importance

Exotic States:

Neutron stars (~10¹⁷ kg/m³)
Black holes - Infinite density
Plasma states - Variable density
Superfluids - Zero viscosity

Learn More

Density on Wikipedia Water Properties Material Properties